Sometimes education research can be so frustrating. Student school-to-school and district-to-district mobility is critical to understand achievement and interventions. There is no public measure of this readily available at any level of aggregation. Right?
When I was in grad-school it was trendy to call these FUQs - fundamentally unidentifiable (or unanswerable) questions. This is a much more nuanced, engaging, and useful take on how to approach a problem where your variables of interest can’t be varied.